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Strengthening the rule of law is widely regarded among traditional donors, multilateral institutions, and a growing number of middle income and fragile states as a necessary precondition for sustainable peace, poverty alleviation, and development. Crime and violence deter investment and lower employment, undermine social institutions, and divert resources through direct and indirect costs, all of which hinder development. It is likely to disproportionately affect poor and marginalized populations by limiting access to basic services. The formal criminal justice system is seen in many environments as failing to deliver justice. Most states experiencing fragility do not have the capacity to effectively prevent crime, enforce laws, or peacefully resolve disputes across the whole of their territories. There is another powerful deterrent for communities to seek redress through state criminal justice institutions: they are frequently a primary instrument for the government and elites to maintain power and control through the perpetration of injustice. The informal system, however, is alone insufficient to handle the pressing justice requirements of fragile states, not least for preventing and responding to inter-communal conflict, to serious organized and cross-border crime, and to public corruption and other 'white collar' crime.

Prologue: The Hill -- Not a Trump guy -- "Fire Pelosi" -- Trump's Washington -- Follow the money -- The limits of Mitch McConnell's power -- McCarthy and Scalise -- "Three, three, three" -- Zero tolerance -- The tax bill -- The president's watchmen -- Purity -- "I'll take the heat" -- Family discussions -- Storms brewing offshore -- The discharge petition -- Left and center -- Going negative -- The second seat -- October -- Election day -- The speakership -- Shutdown -- "Just not worth it".

Globalization, suggest the authors of this collection, is creating new opportunities--some legal, some illicit--for armed factions to pursue their agendas in civil war. Within this context, they analyze the key dynamics of war economies and the challenges posed for conflict resolution and sustainable peace. Thematic chapters consider key issues in the political economy of internal wars, as well as how differing types of resource dependency influence the scope, character, and duration of conflicts. Case studies of Burma, Colombia, Kosovo, Papua New Guinea, and Sri Lanka illustrate a range of ways in which belligerents make use of global markets and the transnational flow of resources. An underlying theme is the opportunities available to the international community to alter the economic incentive structure that inadvertently supports armed conflict.

This book examines the operational and political challenges facing UN peace operations deployed in countries where civil war and protracted violence have given rise to the complex and distinctive political economies of conflict. The volume explores the nature and impact of such political economies – informal systems of power and influence formed by the interaction of local, national, and region-wide war economies with the political agendas of conflict actors – on the course of UN peace operations. It focuses in detail on the UN's long-running peace operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, Mali, and Somalia. The book is centrally concerned with the interaction of UN missions with the power structures and local conflict dynamics that shape individual mission settings, and the challenges these pose for mediation, protection of civilians, and other tasks. It also offers a critical assessment of the various ways in which the UN 'system', from its headquarters in New York to the field, has confronted the policy challenges posed by political economies of conflict-affected states, societies, and regions. It advances a pragmatic set of policy recommendations aimed at improving the UN's ability to confront predatory and exploitative war economies. At the same time, the volume makes it clear that political and institutional obstacles to more effective UN action are certain to remain profound and are unlikely ever to be fully overcome let alone eradicated. Despite making some progress since the 1990s to better understand the political economy of civil wars, the UN has struggled with how to tackle informal networks of power and their consequences for efforts to end wars.

Introduction / Ulrich Petersohn and Molly Dunigan. - Diverse Markets for Force in Latin America : From Argentina to Guatemala / Kristina Mani . - Military Protection Markets in Peru and Ecuador : A Detailed Analysis / Maiah Jaskoski . - Market for Force in the United Kingdom : The Recasting of the Monopoly of Violence and the Management of Force as a Public-Private Enterprise / Carlos Ortiz . - Market for Private Force in the Czech Republic / Oldrich Bures . - Informal but Diverse : The Market for Exported Force from Russia and Ukraine / Olivia Allison. - Markets for Force in Afghanistan / Jake Sherman. - China's Managed Market for Force / Jennifer Catallo . - Canadian Market for Force / Christopher Spearin. - Market for Force in the United States / Scott Fitzsimmons. - Causes and Consequences of Different Types of Markets for Force / Molly Dunigan and Ulrich Petersohn. - Testing the Relative Explanatory Power of the "Market Types" Argument / Ulrich Petersohn and Molly Dunigan